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Is Nigeria Registered Under Islamic Nation

Written By Saturday, April 9, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Muslims faith in Nigeria

Islam is ane of the largest religions in Nigeria, existing inside the borders of the country since the 11th century.[ane] It is one of the two dominant religions practised in Nigeria, the other beingness Christianity. Nigeria has the largest Muslims population in W Africa.[2] In 2021, the CIA Earth Factbook estimated that 53.5% of Nigeria'southward population is Muslim.[3] In 2007, the BBC estimated that slightly over 50% of the population is Christian.[4] Muslims in Nigeria are predominantly Sunnis of the Maliki schoolhouse of thought. However, in that location is a pregnant Shia minority, primarily in Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Osun, Ilorin and Sokoto states (meet Shia in Nigeria). In particular, a 2009 Pew Forum survey on religious diversity identified v% of Nigerian Muslims as Shia.[5]

History [edit]

Islam in Northern Nigeria [edit]

Islam was introduced to Nigeria through ii geographical routes: North Africa and the Senegalese Basin.[6] The origins of Islam in the country is linked with the development of Islam in the wider W Africa.[half dozen] Trade was the major connecting link that brought Islam into Nigeria.[half dozen] Islam was first documented in Central Sudan by medieval Islamic historians and geographers such equally Al-Bakri, Yaqut al-Hamawi and Al-Maqrizi and later works of Ibn Battuta and Ibn Khaldun offered more than notes about Islam in W Africa.[6]

Islam grew in N-E Nigeria, in particular, the Kanem empire as a result of trade between Kanem and Northern African regions of Fezzan, Egypt and Cyrenaica in the eleventh century.[6] Muslim merchants from the North sometimes remained in settlements along trade routes, this merchant course would later preach the message of Islam to their host communities. The first documented conversion of a traditional ruler was in the eleventh century when Mai Ume Jilmi of Kanem was converted by a Muslim scholar whose descendants later held a hereditary championship of Chief Imam of Kanem.[6]

Writings past Ahmad Fartua an Imam during the period of Idris Alooma provided glimpse of an active Islamic community in Bornu[6] while religious archives showed Islam had been adopted as the faith of the majority of the leading figures in the Borno Empire during the reign of Mai (king) Idris Alooma (1571–1603), although a large part of that country still adhered to traditional religions.[seven] Alooma furthered the cause of Islam in the country by introducing Islamic courts, establishing mosques, and setting up a hostel in Makkah, the Islamic pilgrimage destination, for Kanuris.[8]

In Hausaland, particularly Kano, Islam is noted to take penetrated the territory in the fourteenth century from West African traders who were converted by Tukulor Muslims from the Senegalese basin and Muslim traders from Mali Empire. Muhammed Rumfa (1463 - 1499) was the first ruler to catechumen to Islam in Hausaland. Information technology had spread to the major cities of the northern part of the country by the 16th century, later moving into the countryside and towards the Eye Chugalug uplands. However, there are some claims for an earlier arrival. The Nigeria-born Muslim scholar Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu has argued that Islam had reached Sub-Sahara Africa, including Nigeria, every bit early as the 1st century of Hijrah through Muslim traders and expeditions during the reign of the Arab conquistador, Uqba ibn al Nafia (622–683), whose Islamic conquests under the Umayyad dynasty, during Muawiyah's and Yazid's time, spread all Northern Africa or the Maghrib Al-Arabi, which includes present-day People's democratic republic of algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Morocco.[ix]

Islam in Southwestern Nigeria [edit]

Islam likewise came to the southwestern Yoruba-speaking areas during the time of the Republic of mali Empire. In his Movements of Islam in face of the Empires and Kingdoms in Yorubaland, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu supported his claims on early on arrival of Islam in the southwestern Nigeria by citing the Arab anthropologist Abduhu Badawi, who argued that the fall of Koush southern Egypt and the prosperity of the politically multicultural Abbasid period in the continent had created several streams of migration, moving west in the mid-9th Sub-Sahara.[10] According to Adelabu, the popularity and influences of the Abbasid Dynasty, the 2nd dandy dynasty with the rulers carrying the title of 'Caliph' fostered peaceful and prosperous search of pastures by the inter-cultured Muslims from Nile to Niger and Arab traders from Desert to Benue, echoing the conventional historical view[xi] that the conquest of North Africa past the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between Advertizement 647–709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries.[12] Islam in Aboriginal Yoruba is referred to as Esin Imale, which folk etymology states it comes from the word "Mali." The earliest introduction of the organized religion to that region was through Malian itinerant traders (Wangara Traders) effectually the 14th century. Big-calibration conversion to Islam happened in the 18th-19th centuries.[13]

Yorubas came in contact with Islam around the 14th century during the reign of Mansa Kankan Musa of the Mali Empire. According to Al-Aluri, the commencement Mosque was built in Ọyọ-Ile in Advertizement 1550 although, there were no Yoruba Muslims, the Mosque merely served the spiritual needs of foreign Muslims living in Ọyọ.[14] [15] [16] Progressively, Islam came to Yoruba land, and Muslims started building Mosques: Iwo town led, its first Mosque built in 1655 followed by Iṣẹyin, in 1760; Lagos, 1774; Ṣaki, 1790; and Oṣogbo, 1889.[17] In time, Islam spread to other towns like Oyo (the commencement Oyo convert was Solagberu), Ibadan, Abẹokuta, Ijẹbu-Ode, Ikirun, and Ẹdẹ before the 18th-century Sokoto jihad.[18] Several factors contributed to the rise of Islam in Yoruba land past mid 19th century. Earlier the decline of Ọyọ, several towns around information technology had large Muslim communities, unfortunately, when Ọyọ was destroyed, these Muslims (Yoruba and immigrants) relocated to newly formed towns and villages and became Islam protagonists.[19] 2nd, there was a mass motility of people at this fourth dimension into Yoruba land, many of these immigrants were Muslims who introduced Islam to their host.[20] According to Eades, the organized religion "differed in attraction" and "improve adapted to Yoruba social structure, because information technology permitted polygamy"; more influential Yorubas like (Seriki Kuku of Ijebu state) soon became Muslims with positive affect on the natives.[21] Islam came to Lagos at about the same time like other Yoruba towns, even so, it received royal support from Ọba Kosọkọ, after he came dorsum from exile in Ẹpẹ.[22] According to Gbadamọṣi (1972; 1978 in Eades, 1980) Islam soon spread to other Yoruba towns, especially, during the intra-tribal wars-when at that place was a high demand for Islamic teachers-who dubbed as both Quran teachers and amulet makers for Yoruba soldiers during the intra-tribal wars in Yoruba country.[23] Islam, like Christianity also institute a mutual basis with the natives that believed in Supreme Being, while at that place were some areas of disagreements, Islamic teachers impressed upon their audition the need to change from worshipping idols and cover Allah.[24] Without delay, Islamic scholars and local Imams started establishing Quranic centers to teach Standard arabic and Islamic studies, much later, conventional schools were established to brainwash new converts and to propagate Islam.[25] Traditional shrines and ritual sites were replaced with Central Mosques in major Yoruba town and cities.[26]

Fulani War [edit]

In the early 19th century, Islamic scholar Usman dan Fodio launched a jihad, which is called the Fulani War, confronting the Hausa Kingdoms of Northern Nigeria. He was victorious, and established the Fulani Empire with its capital at Sokoto.[27]

Sokoto Caliphate [edit]

In 1803, Usman dan Fodio founded the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman dan Fodio was elected "Commander of the Faithful" ( Amir al-Mu'minin ) by his followers.[28] The Sokoto Caliphate became ane of the largest empires in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. At its top, the Sokoto land included over 30 different emirates under its political structure.[29] In its hold, the caliphate ruled through much of the 19th century, until 29 July 1903, the 2d battle of Burmi ended its dissolution by British and German forces.

Maitatsine [edit]

A fringe and heretical grouping, led by the cleric Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine, started in Kano in the belatedly 1970s and operated throughout the 1980s. Maitatsine (since deceased) was from Republic of cameroon, and claimed to have had divine revelations superseding those of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. With their ain mosques and a doctrine antagonistic to established Islamic and societal leadership, its main appeal was to marginal and poverty-stricken urban in-migrants, whose rejection past the more established urban groups fostered this religious opposition. These disaffected adherents ultimately lashed out at the more than traditional mosques and congregations, resulting in vehement outbreaks in several cities of the north.[30]

Quranists [edit]

Not-sectarian Muslims who pass up the authority of hadith, known as Quranists, Quraniyoon, or 'Yan Kala Kato, are also present in Nigeria.[31] 'Yan Kala Kato is ofttimes mistaken for a militant grouping called Yan Tatsine (also known equally Maitatsine), an unrelated group founded by Muhammadu Marwa. Marwa was killed in 1980. Marwa's successor, Musa Makaniki, was arrested in 2004[32] and sentenced in 2006,[33] but later released.[34] And another leader of Yan Tatsine, Malam Badamasi, was killed in 2009.[35] Notable Nigerian Quranists include Islamic scholars Mallam Saleh Idris Bello,[36]

Islam in Nigerian society [edit]

As an institution in Northern Nigeria, Islam plays an of import part in social club. The 5 pillars of Islam including the annual pilgrimage and daily prayers are seen as important duties of Muslims. Support for the inclusion of a sharia legal system that governs family law and a religious view about modes of personal conduct accept support within the society.[37]

According to Pew Inquiry Center in 2010, Muslims in Nigeria overwhelmingly favoured Islam playing a large role in politics. A bulk of Muslims in Nigeria favoured stoning and/or whipping adulterers, cutting off hands for crimes like theft or robbery, and the death sentence for those who abandon Islam.[38]

Sheikh Adelabu has mentioned other aspects of culture influenced past Islam in Nigeria. He cited Arabic words used in Nigerian languages, peculiarly Yoruba and Hausa names of the days such equally Atalata (Ar. Ath-Thulatha الثلاثاء) for Tuesday, Alaruba (Ar. Al-Arbi'a الأربعاء) for Wed, Alamisi (Ar. Al-Khamis الخميس) for Thursday, and Jimoh (Ar. Al-Jum'ah الجمعة) for Friday. Past far Ojo Jimoh is the most favourably used. I normally preferred to the unpleasant Yoruba word for Friday Eti, which means Failure, Laziness or Abandonment.[39] Maintaining that the wide adoption of Islamic faith and traditions has succeeded to lay impacts both on written and spoken Nigerian vernaculars, Sheikh Adelabu asserted almost all technical terms and cultural usages of Hausa and Fulani were derived from Islamic heritages, citing a long list of Hausa words adopted from Arabic. In furthering supports for his claims, Sheikh Adelabu gave the following words to be Yoruba'due south derivatives of Standard arabic vocabularies:[40]

  • Alaafia i.e. Good, Fine Or Healthy from derivative Al-Aafiah (Ar. العافية)
  • Baale i.e. husband or spouse derived from Ba'al (Ar. بعل)
  • Sanma i.e. sky or sky adopted for Samaa` (Ar. السماء)
  • Alubarika i.e. blessing used as Al-Barakah (Ar. البركة)
  • Wakati i.eastward. hour or time formed from Waqt (Ar. وقت)
  • Asiri i.due east. Secrete or Subconscious derivative of As-Sirr (Ar. السرّ)

Sharia constabulary [edit]

In 2008, twelve states located in northern Nigeria had fully implemented Sharia law.[41] The twelve states in northern Nigeria have populations where Muslims form the majority.[42]

In 2014, homosexual men were targeted past Hisbah, the religious police force. According to a member of the Sharia Committee, homosexuals should exist killed past stoning, hanging or pushing them from a high place.[43] In Nigeria, federal police force criminalizes homosexual behaviour, only states with Sharia law imposed the death penalty.[44]

Influence on culture [edit]

Historically, Islam fostered trade relations between North Africa and West Africa. Arabic traders from Tiaret during the Rustamid dynasty were involved in commerce with Audoghast. These trade routes went further due south into the Kanuri and Hausa states of Northern Nigeria. Sharia was as well introduced into Northern Nigeria as Islam spread across the region. In improver to law and merchandise, Islam had some influence in spreading the choice of dressing, language and choice of names.[45]

Agbada dressing in Westward Africa is commonly associated with Muslims and Mallams, Iborun (neck covers) is worn by many Muslims in Southern Nigeria during prayers and crochet hats were once mostly worn by Muslims to had performed the pilgrimage. Some Hausa and Yoruba expressions and words are also influenced by Arabic, the language of the Koran. Assalam Alaykun is a familiar expression for greeting by Muslims and Allahu Akbar is used equally a telephone call to prayer. Names such as Mohammed, Ibrahim, Yunusa, Lamidi, Aliu and Suleiman are commonly given to Muslim children.[45]

Traditional Islamic education [edit]

Earlier the 1950s, the virtually common educational path of Muslim children in Northern Nigeria was Quranic education taught by Mallams.[46] [ unreliable fringe source? ] Students converge in the compound of a mallam or at a Quranic boarding school where they recite the Quran and larn Islamic teachings. The teacher or Mallam as they are sometimes chosen in Nigeria was probable a graduate of a similar school and likely belongs to a Sufi order. These teachers were well versed in Arabic and were influenced by the knowledge and traditions passed down from medieval Timbuktu and from other West African Islamic texts.[47] Traditional Islamic teaching was considered a duty to God and teachers sometimes depended on charity or patrons to make ends meet. Meanwhile, students also assist teachers in raising funds through door-to-door solicitations. In the menstruation preceding Nigeria's independence, political leaders desired Western-trained graduates to fill positions in government. Subsequently, the introduction of a formal School of Arabic Studies in Kano to train Qadis and rising in Western education reduced the number of children attending the Quranic schools. In addition, Islamic studies were introduced into the chief and secondary schoolhouse curriculum.[48] However, some parents still ship their children to the traditional Quranic schools under the tutelage of a mallam. The students are provided shelter by their teacher. The pre-adolescents sometimes subsist through alms begging or house-help jobs, while those in a higher place fifteen learn a merchandise or do little trading along with their Islamic studies. The studies can exist rigorous, with students studying the Quran for fourteen hours per day until they reach a prepare level of maturity.[49] These students, primarily from rural areas, are called Almajiri—a transliteration of Al Muhajirun, the Arabic word for emigrant—in Nigeria. This act is frowned upon by Western-educated Muslims who are uncomfortable with the alms begging lifestyle of many Almajiri since information technology is non part of Islamic teachings.[50]

Extremism [edit]

In Nigeria, Pew Enquiry polled the views of Muslims on extremist groups. 45% favoured Hezbollah, 49% favoured Hamas and 49% favoured Al-Qaeda. Unlike other Muslim countries, Nigeria was the only state where Muslims were positive towards Al-Qaeda.[38]

Boko Haram [edit]

Boko Haram is a terrorist arrangement that aims to create an Islamic state in Nigeria, West Africa. Its first attack was directed towards the Bauchi prison house in 2009.[51]

  • On the night of 14–15 Apr 2014, 276[52] female students were kidnapped from the Regime Secondary School in the town of Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria.[53] Responsibility for the kidnappings was claimed past Boko Haram, an extremist terrorist organisation based in northeastern Nigeria. 57 of the schoolgirls managed to escape over the next few months[54]
  • On the night of 5–6 May 2014, Boko Haram militants attacked the twin towns of Gamboru and Ngala in Borno Country, Nigeria. Roughly 310 residents were killed in the 12-60 minutes attack, and the town was largely destroyed.[55]

System of Nigerian Islam [edit]

Sa'adu Abubakar, the 20th Sultan of Sokoto, is considered the spiritual leader of Nigeria'southward Muslims.[56]

Several Muslim organisations, lobbies and force per unit area groups be such as Nasfat, MPAC Nigeria [57] and the Muslim Rights Business.[58]

Run into also [edit]

  • Islam by state
  • Religion in Nigeria
  • Christianity in Nigeria
  • New radical Islamic movements in Nigeria

References [edit]

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Sources [edit]

  • Winters, Clyde Ahmad (1987). "Koranic education and militant Islam in Nigeria". International Review of Teaching. 33 (2): 171–185. Bibcode:1987IREdu..33..171W. doi:10.1007/BF00598481. S2CID 144871216.

External links [edit]

  • Islam in Nigeria: Simmering tensions
  • BBC Facts & Figures

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria

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